开题报告内容:(包括拟研究或解决的问题、采用的研究手段及文献综述,不少于2000字)
一、研究背景
胰腺炎是一种常见的消化内科疾病,通常由胆管结石、酗酒、细菌感染等原因造成胰腺内胰酶激活,导致胰脏自我消化损伤,并可能伴随急性肺、肾脏损伤、休克、全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)、胰腺炎后糖尿病(PPDM)等严重的并发症。[1]严重的急性胰腺炎(AP)具有约2-9%的致死率,且当胰脏坏死发生后致死率进一步升高。[2]反复发作的急性胰腺炎还会导致慢性胰腺炎,并产生长期的严重胰腺损害。据相关报道,全球每年平均100,000人中有34例急性胰腺炎病例[3]{Petrov, 2019, Global epidemiology and holistic prevention of pancreatitis}{Petrov, 2019, Global epidemiology and holistic prevention of pancreatitis},我国属于高发病率地区,且随着我国居民饮食结构的改变,其发病率呈现逐年上升趋势[4]。目前,急性胰腺炎的治疗方法主要包括补充电解质溶液、鼻胃管减压、抗生素治疗、连续输注蛋白酶抑制剂、内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)等。[5]而能够保护胰脏细胞免受炎症损害的疗法在这一领域展现出了较好的应用价值{Yu, 2016, Recombinant Reg3 alpha protein protects against experimental acute pancreatitis in mice}[6],并在前期研究中取得了一定的进展。
在这方面,Reg家族蛋白的一些成员展现出了较好的应用前景。Reg基因家族编码一系列内源活性蛋白,这些蛋白相对分子量约为16000,一级结构为一条肽链,其N端含一段信号肽,C端具有一个高度保守的钙依赖型凝集素样结构域( C-type lectin domain)。[7]该类蛋白的活性位点即位于C-type lectin结构域内。Reg家族蛋白具有具有促进多种组织和细胞增殖、抑制凋亡等功能{Liu, 2008, Possible roles of reg family proteins in pancreatic islet cell growth}[8],在糖尿病、自身免疫疾病、炎症等疾病的治疗及癌症的诊断中的应用已处于研究中。例如,{李想, 2018, Reg蛋白作为新型药物的研发进展}已发现INGAP(胰岛再生相关蛋白,Reg3delta;)、Reg2、Reg3alpha;、Reg3beta;具有抗凋亡、促进细胞增殖及促进胰腺腺泡、导管细胞转化为胰岛beta;细胞的功能,说明其有望应用于糖尿病的治疗。[9]另外,Reg4蛋白在胃肠癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌、前列腺癌及胰腺癌等多种癌症疾病中的高表达,能够显著促进肿瘤细胞增殖、侵袭和迁移,抵抗凋亡。{Chen, 2015, The role of the REG4 gene and its encoding product in ovarian epithelial carcinoma}{Chen, 2015, The role of the REG4 gene and its encoding product in ovarian epithelial carcinoma}[10]因此,这些蛋白不仅可以作为肿瘤标志物,以它们为靶点,还可作为抑制肿瘤生长、增殖、耐药及转移的药物开发方向。同时,相关研究显示,Reg 蛋白在炎症的调控中也发挥非常重要的作用。已发现Reg3alpha; 和Reg4蛋白对于L-Arg诱导的急性胰腺炎小鼠的保护作用[6, 11]{Hu, 2011, Reg4 protects against acinar cell necrosis in experimental pancreatitis},其在炎性肠病个体中也发现表达水平上调[12]{Darnaud, 2018, Enteric Delivery of Regenerating Family Member 3 alpha Alters the Intestinal Microbiota and Controls Inflammation in Mice With Colitis}{Darnaud, 2018, Enteric Delivery of Regenerating Family Member 3 alpha Alters the Intestinal Microbiota and Controls Inflammation in Mice With Colitis}{Darnaud, 2018, Enteric Delivery of Regenerating Family Member 3 alpha Alters the Intestinal Microbiota and Controls Inflammation in Mice With Colitis}{Darnaud, 2018, Enteric Delivery of Regenerating Family Member 3 alpha Alters the Intestinal Microbiota and Controls Inflammation in Mice With Colitis}{Darnaud, 2018, Enteric Delivery of Regenerating Family Member 3 alpha Alters the Intestinal Microbiota and Controls Inflammation in Mice With Colitis}{Darnaud, 2018, Enteric Delivery of Regenerating Family Member 3 alpha Alters the Intestinal Microbiota and Controls Inflammation in Mice With Colitis}{Darnaud, 2018, Enteric Delivery of Regenerating Family Member 3 alpha Alters the Intestinal Microbiota and Controls Inflammation in Mice With Colitis}。已探明Reg3alpha;蛋白通过Erk1/2、p38磷酸化以及cyclin D1上调促进细胞增殖,并通过增加Bcl-2及Bcl-xL表达、抑制PARP水平达到在急性胰腺炎中的保护作用[6],这也为Reg蛋白在抗炎方面的进一步研究提供了有力的支持。
相较于Reg3alpha;和Reg4,Reg2蛋白在炎症保护方面的作用目前较少被提及。但已有相关研究发现,Reg2蛋白能够缓解急性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠模型的炎症反应。{Tian, 2017, Role of C16`, angiopoietin-1 and regeneration gene protein 2 in attenuating inflammation in an experimental rat model of autoimmune encephalomyelitis}[13]另外,也发现糖皮质激素和IL-6能够激活胰岛细胞和胰腺腺泡细胞中Reg2基因的转录。[14]{Luo, 2013, Transcriptional activation of Reg2 and Reg3 beta genes by glucocorticoids and interleukin-6 in pancreatic acinar and islet cells}{Luo, 2013, Transcriptional activation of Reg2 and Reg3 beta genes by glucocorticoids and interleukin-6 in pancreatic acinar and islet cells}{Luo, 2013, Transcriptional activation of Reg2 and Reg3 beta genes by glucocorticoids and interleukin-6 in pancreatic acinar and islet cells}{Luo, 2013, Transcriptional activation of Reg2 and Reg3 beta genes by glucocorticoids and interleukin-6 in pancreatic acinar and islet cells}{Luo, 2013, Transcriptional activation of Reg2 and Reg3 beta genes by glucocorticoids and interleukin-6 in pancreatic acinar and islet cells}{Luo, 2013, Transcriptional activation of Reg2 and Reg3 beta genes by glucocorticoids and interleukin-6 in pancreatic acinar and islet cells}虽然该蛋白在胰腺腺泡细胞内过表达不能逆转胰腺炎的发生,但这可能与内源性Reg2蛋白的表达量有限有关。其很可能仍参与到如胰腺炎等炎症反应过程中,参与组织损伤修复,发挥抗炎作用。已知AP发病激活了胰腺间质中的白细胞,促进了炎症细胞因子的合成及释放,进一步增强细胞因子的级联反应而加重炎性反应,最终损伤胰腺等脏器,并诱发多器官功能综合征。推测Reg2蛋白在这一过程中,参与了某些重要炎症因子的表达,或与其产生协同或拮抗作用,从而对验证反应起到保护效果。临床研究发现,急性胰腺炎患者血清中出现单核细胞趋化因子蛋白-1 ( MCP-1) 、肿瘤坏死因子-alpha;( TNF-alpha;) 、白细胞介素-6( IL-6)及白细胞介素-8(IL-8)等炎症因子水平的异常升高[4, 15],说明这些炎症因子可能在胰腺炎的发病过程中发挥重要作用。通过研究Reg2蛋白在AP模型中对这些因子表达的影响,可以进一步探究Reg2蛋白对AP保护作用的机制。
参考文献
1. Zerem, D., O. Zerem, and E. Zerem, Role of Clinical, Biochemical, and Imaging Parameters in predicting the Severity of Acute Pancreatitis. Euroasian J Hepatogastroenterol, 2017. 7(1): p. 1-5.
2. Munoz, A. and D.A. Katerndahl, Diagnosis and management of acute pancreatitis. Am Fam Physician, 2000. 62(1): p. 164-74.
3. Petrov, M.S. and D. Yadav, Global epidemiology and holistic prevention of pancreatitis. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology amp; Hepatology, 2019. 16(3): p. 175-184.
4. 胡静, et al., 急性胰腺炎患者血清MCP-1、IL-6水平变化及临床意义. 国际检验医学杂志, 2019. 40(04): p. 399-402.
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