摘 要:通过研究和分析近年国内外有关地龙的文献,归纳了中药地龙药效化学成分,并总结其检测方法及药理作用,为临床使用提供依据。
目前的研究表明地龙的主要化学成分包括氨基酸、核苷、二肽类化合物、脂类、蛋白质、酶类、无机元素,多以高效液相色谱法(HPLC)、微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)等方法进行检测,具有平喘止咳、活血化瘀、解热镇痛、保护肾脏、增强免疫、降压、抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗氧化等药理作用,临床上多用于脑血管病、癌症、高血压、皮肤病等的治疗。
关键词:地龙;化学成分;检测方法;药理作用;临床应用Advances in research on Geosaurus(Pheretima)Abstract:Based on the research and analysis of the literatures on earthworm in recent years at home and abroad, the chemical constituents of Chinese herbal medicine Pheretima were induced, and its detection methods and pharmacological effects were summarized to provide the basis for clinical use. Current studies have shown that the main chemical constituents of Pheretima include amino acids, nucleosides, dipeptides, lipids, proteins, and so on. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), microwave digestion-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and other methods are mostly used for detection. Enzymes and inorganic elements have the pharmacological effects of asthma and cough, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, relieving fever and analgesia, protecting kidney, enhancing immunity, lowering blood pressure, anti-tumor, antimicrobial and antioxidant. Clinically, it is mostly used in the treatment of cerebrovascular disease, cancer, hypertension, skin diseases and so on.Key words:Pheretima; Chemical composition; Detection method; Pharmacological activities;Clinical application地龙(Geosaurus)为钜蚓科动物参环毛蚓Pheretima aspergillum(E. Perrier) 、通俗环毛蚓Pheretima vulgaris Chen、威廉环毛蚓Pheretima guillelmi(Michaelsen)或栉盲环毛蚓Pheretima pectinifera Michaelsen的干燥体。
前一种习称广地龙,后三种习称沪地龙[1]。
药用品广地龙,主产于福建和两广等地,于春季至秋季捕捉,沪地龙主产于山东、上海、安徽等地,于夏季捕捉。
地龙在我国作为药物应用已有数千年历史,最早出自《神农本草经》,味咸,性寒,归肝、肾、肺经,具有平肝息风、通络、利尿、平喘等功效,在临床上主用于高热神昏,惊痫抽搐,关节痹痛,肢体麻木,半身不遂,肺热喘咳,水肿尿少[2]。
1品种鉴定鲜地龙可通过传统形态学鉴定和分子鉴定进行鉴定,全体具环节,第1416环节为生殖带,较光亮,其中广地龙雄生殖孔在第18环节腹侧刚毛圈一小孔突上,外缘有数环绕的浅皮褶,内侧刚毛圈隆起,沪地龙第18环节有一对雄生殖孔,地龙饮片粉末为淡灰色或灰黄色[1]。
DNA条形码在动物中采用较多的使线粒体基因片段,通过对基因组中一段公认的、相对较短的 DNA片段进行序列分析,可以有效弥补传统物种鉴定方法的不足[3-4],目前在我国使用有限。
吕国庆等[5]比较COI序列的鉴定效果优于16S rDNA,因此选择COI作为中药材地龙的DNA条形码比较合适。
马梅等[6]从基于COI及16S rRNA序列构建的N-J树可以看出,COI和16S rRNA片段能够将各地龙物种明显区分,由此可清晰地了解市场流通的地龙商品基原动物之间的亲缘关系,为地龙正品药材及其他混淆品的物种鉴定提供有价值的实验参考依据。
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